Understanding and Applying SMART Goal Techniques:
In 1981, George T. Doran introduced the concept of SMART goals as a framework for setting objectives that are clear, attainable, and impactful. Over the years, SMART goals have become a cornerstone of effective goal-setting practices in various fields, from business to personal development. This article explores the origin and evolution of SMART goals, breaks down each component, and discusses their application in contemporary contexts.
Origin and Evolution of SMART Goals
George T. Doran, a management consultant, identified a common problem in business goal-setting: goals were often vague and lacked specificity, making them difficult to achieve. In response, Doran introduced the SMART goals framework in a 1981 article, emphasizing that goals should be Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time-bound. Over time, the framework evolved, resulting in the widely recognized SMART criteria we use today.
Decoding SMART Goals
Specific: Specificity in goal setting involves clearly defining what you aim to achieve. Broad goals like “I want to feel happier” are a start, but they lack the detail necessary to guide actionable steps. A more specific goal might be, “I will engage in a hobby I enjoy for at least an hour three times a week.”
Measurable: A goal is measurable when you can objectively assess whether it’s been met. This often involves quantifiable metrics, like frequency, amounts, or durations. For example, “I will attend two support meetings per week” is a measurable goal.
Achievable: Your goals should be achievable, meaning they are within the realm of possibility. They stretch you beyond your comfort zone but still remain attainable based on your current resources, circumstances, and commitments. An achievable goal fosters motivation and progress.
Realistic: Realistic goals are those within the realm of possibility. They stretch you beyond your comfort zone but still remain achievable based on your current resources, circumstances, and commitments. An unrealistic goal sets you up for failure, while a realistic goal fosters motivation and progress.
Time-bound: Goals need a deadline or time frame. Whether it’s a daily goal like “I will practice mindfulness after breakfast every day” or a long-term goal like “I will complete a recovery workbook within three months,” time constraints create urgency and promote accountability.
Importance of Challenging Goals
According to the common interpretation of the SMART acronym, goals should be Achievable or Realistic. However, extensive research suggests that goals should be challenging to produce optimal outcomes (Locke & Latham, 1990; 2013). These recommendations are based on empirical evidence collated over many decades and through various research designs and samples, including research in behaviour change (Epton et al., 2017) and physical activity. For example, Anson and Madras (2016) found that participants with high/challenging goals walked more than participants with low goals, even if they did not meet the assigned goal.
While users of the SMART acronym may assume or interpret that goals should be challenging yet achievable/realistic, it remains the case that ‘challenging’ is not included as a SMART criterion, despite being recognized as highly important in goal-setting research.
As a case in point, the American College of Sports Medicine refers to the “SMARTS principle,” with the added S referring to “self-determined.” Despite widespread adoption, it is evident that there are many concerns and misconceptions related to the use of SMART goals for physical activity promotion. Specifically, the SMART acronym is not based on scientific theory, consistent with empirical evidence, or applied consistently.
Conclusion
SMART goals serve as a powerful tool for setting objectives that are clear, achievable, and aligned with personal or organizational priorities. By adhering to the principles of specificity, measurability, achievability, relevance, and timeliness, individuals and organizations can unlock their full potential and drive meaningful progress towards success. Whether in business, education, or personal growth, SMART goals provide a roadmap for turning aspirations into tangible outcomes.
Author: Ania Harnden, BSocialWork, AMHSW, EMDR Therapist
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References
Aghera, A., Emery, M., Bounds, R., Bush, C., Stansfield, R. B., Gillett, B., & Santen, S. A. (2018). A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 19(1), 112–120.
University of California. (2016-2017). SMART Goals: A How-to Guide Performance Appraisal Planning. Retrieved from [link]
Swann, C., Jackman, P. C., Lawrence, A., Hawkins, R. M., Goddard, S. G., Williamson, O. (2022). The (over)use of SMART goals for physical activity promotion: A narrative review and critique. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 211-226.